Biology Eei Enzymes - 6364 Words

YEAR 11 BIOLOGY EEI YEAR 11 BIOLOGY EEI JOSHUA CURSON JOSHUA CURSON ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY- ENZYMES ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY- ENZYMES ------------------------------------------------- THE ENZYME IS MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD Effects of Temperature on Amylase Activity ABSTRACT: The aim of this EEI was to test the effects of temperature on the activity of the enzyme Amylase. Solutions of starch and amylase were held at selected temperatures by various methods of temperature control. Once the solutions reached and maintained the desired temperature they were combined. Samples at timed intervals were then taken and reacted with a reagent to determine the effect the selected temperatures had on the reaction rate of enzyme and†¦show more content†¦A constant temperature water bath will be needed to maintain temperature. All enzymes and starch solutions will be maintained in the optimum pH so as to ensure a fair test (REFER TO FIG-32). The following is an EEI designed to test the effects of temperature on the activity of the enzyme Amylase. This experiment on enzymes was done to help convey how environmental factors affect the activity of an enzyme. The experiment will revolve around changing one variable (temperature), measuring one variable (color of the samples in the spot plate/reaction rate/time) and keeping everything else the same (optimum pH/volume of reactants and the reagent). To test the effects of temperature on the activity of amylase, solutions of the enzyme and starch will be reacted with each other at controlled temperatures 70oC, 50oC, 37oC, room temperature and 4oC and below. To find out what effect these temperatures have on the activity of the enzyme, a sample of the resulting solution will be taken at allocated times and be placed onto a spot plate where a test for starch will be done by adding iodine reagent. The relative enzyme activity in the spot plate will be assessed as follows: Iodine test for starch | Amount of starch remaining | Enzyme activity level | Yellow/gold | NONE | NORMAL 5 | Light purple/silver/grey | SOME, | MODERATE 4 | Tan/lightShow MoreRelatedHow Heat Affects Lipase1180 Words   |  5 PagesFactors Affecting Enzyme Action ------------------------------------------------- Term 1 Biology Nicole Goosen Table of Contents Introduction: 3 Materials: 3 Method: 4 Risk assignment: 4 Risk: 4 Personal Protective Equipment: 4 Results: 5 Discussion: 5 Conclusion: 6 Introduction: How is the human body able to digest the food that you eat? How quickly your body digests your food? This is because the human body contains enzymes that are the biological substance, a.k.a proteinsRead MoreAn Experimental Investigation On A Bacterial Outbreak3369 Words   |  14 PagesThis is an Extended Experimental Investigation on a bacterial outbreak in a workplace. The key ideas and concept, is based around health and disease with the prevention of bacteria being the key purpose. The intention of the EEI is to develop a scenario which can be modified to demonstrate and test different variables, these variables include, water, soap, anti-bacterial soap and Dettol’s effect on the chosen bacterial outbreak. The chosen bacteria is, Staphylococcus Epidermidis and its effect inRead MoreWine Analysis of Fining Agents Chemistry8372 Words   |  34 Pages16- Graph5. Turbidity over time 9.17- Graph6. Electrical conductivity over time 9.0- Discussion 10.0- Conclusion 11.0- Appendices 12.0- References 13.0- Special Acknowledgments 1.0-Abstract: The construction of this EEI was conducted in accordance to the term 2 context (Wine: an artful process). This report is intended to present the experimental and analytical aspects of wine chemistry with focus on fining agents. By testing these fining agents on wine samples, their

Comparing and Contrasting Sophocles Antigone and...

The tragedies of Antigone and Othello were written with great depth and are structured in such a way that both characters are victims, in spite of their crimes. Antigone and Othello are tragedy plays created by using many techniques to create the feelings of fear and pity. There are differences and similarities in characters, action, and themes between Antigone and Othello. First, the major characters in both of the plays are suffering through great pain and end up with death. The drama Antigone which is written by Sophocles, tells the story of Antigone. Antigone is a tragic heroine who doesn’t have the power to challenge the authority of the king; she has to obey the rules. However, she shows her strong will and voices her opinions†¦show more content†¦At the beginning of the drama, Desdemona wants to marry Othello; even through her father doesn’t want her to. She makes the choice by herself in Act I, scene iii in an act of willfulness. However, in the final s cene, when she is murdered, Emilia ask her, â€Å"O, who hath done this deed?† Desdemona says , â€Å"Nobody, I myself. Farewell. Commend me to my kind lord. O, farewell† (V.ii.133–134). Desdenona takes responsibility of her death because she wants to protect her husband. She begins the play as a independent and thoughtful person, but she must struggle against all odds to make Othello believe that she is not too independent. Desdemona is a symbol of innocence and helplessness. However in the beginning of the play, she seems to be mature and quite insightful of events around her. Iago often tells Othello that she is unfaithful. It seems that she refuses to accept what Iago is doing. She has a tendency to be sympathetic towards other peoples situations, like Cassio. This also further inspired Othellos jealousy when Iago pointed out that Cassio and Desdemona were speaking in private. She often pays attention to other people’s thoughts, yet remains distrustful if they differ from her own. She has a loyalty to her husband in all aspects of life, Similarities between Antigone and Othello arise in the fact of how the tragedies end and in both stories, we can feel the

The Prevalence of Breast Cancer among Women - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theThe Prevalence of Breast Cancer among Women. Answer: Research Design Plan Elements Description and explanation Evaluation of potential understanding Research question and the main elements 1. What is the condition and experience of persons living with breast cancer? 2. What is the experience of children brought up mothers diagnosed with breast cancer? 3. What are measures in place to deal with rising breast cancer cases? The research questions shall assist in understanding the prevalence of breast cancers cases: Emerging issues Literature review Similar to all other types of cancer, breast cancer is one of the deadly disease and one which is killing almost one per hour globally (Thomson, 2014). According to research carried out, United Kingdom leads in the number of women who are tested positive for breast cancer; the study showed that most of those women who are diagnosed with this disease are female above 50 years of age (Holloway, 2016). Nevertheless, younger women were also found to have breast cancer in particular individual cases. Almost one out of ten women are diagnosed with breast cancer during their entire lifetime which sends an alarm to the reason for the study (Taylor, 2015). Doctors together with the international humanitarian Organizations brag of milestones in reducing cancer cases in their countries as well as globally. However, the ratio of breast cancer diagnosis is quite high. Although there is a great chance for women who are tested early to be treated, it remains to be a deadly disease (Kasimir-Bauer, e t al, 2012). According to research conducted by the University of Michigan students, it showed that any woman no matter the food intake or the number of activities that do per day are at a high chance of testing positive for breast cancer (Ed,2012). Hence it is imperative for every woman to check their breast regularly for any symptoms and where applicable seek medical attention from their GP. Although it is not sure of the cause, scholars attribute, age, previous benign breast lump, obese and excessive alcohol use as some of the causes of the deadly disease(Sullivan-Bolyai, 2014). From the brief literature review, it is clear that there have not been numerous researchers who have researched or bothered to test the hypothesis on the prevalence of breast cancer across the continents. Hence this research lies at the best opportunity and position to fill in the gap between the diagnosis of disease on patients, the life of the patients as well as the cause for the increase in the cases of breast cancer as compared to the previous years. Research methodology Research Design: Descriptive research design. The study shall apply descriptive research design. As per Gay, descriptive analysis is the process of collecting data to test the hypothesis or to answer questions regarding current status of elements in the study (Matthews, 2014). The design is the best for the study since it shall report on the first-hand interaction of mothers diagnosed with breast cancer. The methodology and design are best for the study since it will report the engagements of women diagnosed with breast cancer while in hospitals as well as at home. The methodology shall bring out information on their human as well as physical environments, in turn, provide valuable information regarding breast cancer and patients which will be used to be able to ascertain the reason for escalated cases of cases of breast cancer(Sullivan-Bolyai, 2014). With this methodology, the real information regarding the patients and their subjects of study which include nurses shall help inquire in more detailed form. Study areas: The areas of this study shall entail, hospitals especially the cancer centers, homes of patients with cancer and regions identified as cancer prevalent. Study population: the target population of this study shall comprise of patients diagnosed with breast cancer, children of mothers diagnosed with breast cancer, nurses handling these patients and oncologists who have expertise in breast cancer (Neuman, 2014). The target population shall also include nutritionist who will offer expertise on causes of breast cancer. Descriptive research design and methodology is one of the best design on the study since it will assist in the collection of data which is from the primary sources (Kasimir-Bauer, 2012). The methodology shall help me to gain the life experience of the mothers living with breast cancer and their children to know when it was diagnosed and treatment plan. The research methodology shall also inquire on lives of nurses treating these patients and their efficiency, hence assist in investigating if there is civic education. Through the method, we shall also inquire more from oncologists. Through the inquiries from key informants, I will be able to gain more knowledge on the reasons or causes that are propelling the prevalence of breast cancer in the world across the continents. Key informants shall also assist to understand the gap lying between so many patients contracting breast cancer despite the World Health Organization efforts for civic education. Is it their failure as the health department or other agencies? Data and collection method/strategies with consideration of ethics and cultural competence Different data collection methods shall be used at various stages of the nursing study. The entire study shall triangulate data collection methods where possible to be able to acquire reliable data. These data methods shall utmost promote ethical consideration as well as cultural differences present in our diverse study population (Sohoni, 2014). Survey method: it shall be the primary method of data collection. There shall be questionnaire issued to respondents. The study shall make use of both the closed and open ended questionnaire on all the respondents involved. The questionnaire shall be of use in generation of data that will be analyzed using qualitative and quantitative to give standardized outcomes which will be statically tabulated (Englander, 2012). Focus group discussions: This Is one type of data collection, which majors on group dynamics and gives the opportunity to the small group of respondents who are guided by a skilled moderator, who assist the team into deep levels of inquiry and issues surrounding the topic of research (Jayasekara, 2012). Note taking techniques, and the tape recording shall accompany this method to gather more information (Panneerselvam, 2014). It is one of the most important ways since it prompts discussion in the topic of debate, which in our case is breast cancer. Key informants: this is the data collection method that constitutes of the oral source of information from experts. The key informants are repositories of knowledge from which the researchers get expertise knowledge (Neuman, 2014). In this research, the key sources will include oncologists, nurses, and nutritionists. Based on their training and professional experience, the principal sources shall provide information both quantitative and qualitative regarding the problem of breast cancer and emerging issues. Structured Observation method: This will also be used in the research to observe and note the nonverbal communication of the respondents during the interviews to ensure that clear understanding of the primary objective is attained(Matthews, 2014). It will also be important to record on the physical environment of the hospitals where patients are placed. Secondary data: This is where I will use articles and journals that have been written and published regarding breast cancer and those relating to my topic of interest. All the data collection methods are the most important and noble methods to use in this research and ones that will uphold the ethics of research; confidentiality and plagiarism of the secondary data. In the event where I approach a patient, I will introduce the purpose of the research as well as seek authority from the relevant to carry out the research. Analysis and interpretation of data The data that will be collected during this study shall be analyzed in both qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative analysis shall deal in deriving explanations as well as interpret the findings entirely basing our comments on the descriptions of the entire engagement of patients at home and those at home and their interaction with their family. The quantitative analysis shall include deriving of the statistical descriptions as well as the interpretation of data using various descriptive statistics (Grbich, 2012). The numerated, as well as the Likert scale questionnaire data, shall be analyzed and document using the SPSS, this is to be done by a social scientist to reduce chances of short falls (Gelman, et al, 2014). The findings generated from the data which will be analyzed using the SPSS shall be presented using, pie charts, percentage tables as well as frequency tables. The qualitative analysis shall be important in the search for content and themes in the qualitati ve data generated from, the key informant interviews, biographic and as well as focus group discussions (Sohoni, 2014). The results of this qualitative data shall be of use to explain the patterns that are emerging as far as breast cancer is concerned from the descriptive statistics. Limitations and Implementation of the research in practice There are plenty of limitations that I will be faced with in the implementation as well as the research of the proposal: First and foremost I expect resistance from the oncologist to offer best regarding their failures to assist the patients (Taylor, et al, 2015). The language barrier is also a challenge I expect. When it comes to implementation of the research, I expect resistance to change from the medical practitioners in service. For instance, FGD has not been used in the medical setup and having sourced out plenty of data from the settings; most PR actioners are more likely to down the research. I also lack the chance to make policies regarding the recommendations of my research. References: Englander, M. (2012). The interview: Data collection in descriptive phenomenological human scientific research. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 43(1), 13-35. Gelman, A. C. (2014). Bayesian data analysis . (Vol. 2). Boca Raton, FL: CRC press. Grbich, C. (2012). Qualitative data analysis: An introduction. sage. Holloway, I. . (2016). Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley Sons. Jayasekara, R. S. (2012). Focus groups in nursing research: methodological perspectives. Nursing outlook, 60(6), 411-416. Kasimir-Bauer, S. H. (2012). Expression of stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in primary breast cancer patients with circulating tumor cells. . Breast Cancer Research, 14(1), R15. Matthews, B. . (2014). Research methods. Pearson Higher Ed. Neuman, W. L. (2014). Basics of social research. Canada: Pearson. Panneerselvam, R. (2014). Research methodology. . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Screening., I. U. (2012). The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review. The Lancet, 380(9855), 1778-1786. Sohoni, M. (2014). Data Analysis and Interpretation. Sullivan-Bolyai, S. B. (2014). Data Collection Methods. Springer Netherlands: In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research . Taylor, S. J. (2015). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Thomson, R. E. (2014). Data analysis methods in physical oceanography. Newnes.

Maths Statistic Coursework Essay Example

Maths Statistic Coursework Essay I have been given the task of finding what affects the price of a used car, using a spreadsheet given to me displaying data on a hundred cars with data on about each car. The data on the cars were: (See Spreadsheet 1)Make Model Price When NewUsed Price Age ColourEngine Size Fuel Type MPGMileage Service OwnersLength of MOT Tax (Months left) Insurance GroupDoors (Amount) Style Central LockingSeats Gearbox Air ConditioningAirbagsImmediately from looking at those categories I omitted colour, fuel, service, doors, style, central locking, seats, gearbox, air conditioning and airbags. I omitted this data because it is of a low range of contains words, these would be hard to show on graphs and would show me little evidence of what affects a used car price.E.g. Colour: Cannot produce a scatter graph as it uses words.Seats: Has a range of 2-5 and would produce poor scatter graphs and would be hard to find a direct relationship on.Then from the remaining categories I picked age, insurance group , MPG, mileage and of course used price, as this is what I was investigating. It then dawned one me that I could use the depreciation price, the price when I took the used price away from the new, this perhaps could be a more accurate look at the data as some cars depreciate quicker than others. Looking further into that work I decided against it as it would take longer and time was of the essence, but this was perhaps an extension that could be added on at the end.Reasons Why* Age: Has a large range and would be interesting to see what sort of relationship there is* Insurance Group: Again a wide range.* MPG: Grouped data could be used on cumulative frequency graph and has quite a large range.* Mileage: Huge range and a definite effecter of used price but would be interesting to exactly how much.SampleI was given 100 cars but to investigate this would be very time consuming so I would have to bring that number down. In the end I chose to do a 40 car sample as it is a round number, l ower than 100 but still big enough to display a fair representation of the data supplied.Sampling MethodNow Ive decided how big I need my sample, I know have to decide how I will sample. There are two main methods random or stratified, eventually I want to try both but for now I will use a random sample. To do this I will use the random number function on my calculator.I press the random number button and a 3 decimal place number is displayed, I then picked the first 2 numbers and used this as my sampling method. If a number was repeated I ignored it and chose again.EG.Random produced number 0.311 so I chose car number 31Random produced number 0.981 so I chose car number 91Using this sampling method I chose my first group of cars. They ended up being numbers.1 2 4 5 7 8 15 16 17 18 21 22 24 26 27 31 32 35 37 38 44 51 53 63 65 67 68 70 71 73 76 77 83 86 91 95 96 97 98 98From these car numbers I made a table with all the data on the cars above thats I needed such as used price, MPG an d mileage. (See Spreadsheet 2)From this data I complied for scatter graphs on:* Age against used price* MPG against used price* Mileage against used price* Insurance group against used priceI used scatter graphs as they will display relationships between the data, which is why used price is in everyone. A scatter graph will also give me the ability to put a line of best fit in giving me the ability to predict future data.Predictions* For age I believe there will be a very strong negative correlation as the older the car gets the lower the price.* For MPG I believe there will be a weak positive correlation as the higher the MPG the higher the price but I believe it doesnt affect it that much.* For mileage I believe there will be a very strong negative correlation as the mileage increases the price will decrease.* For insurance group I believe there will be a weak negative correlation as the higher the insurance group the price will decrease but not by much.As you can see from my pred ictions I believe that mileage will affect used price the most while insurance group will affect it the least from the ones I chose.See scatter graphs 1, 2, 3 and 4.Conclusions of Random Sampling.As you can see some of my predictions were right while others werent.* Age was a big effecter of price and had quite a strong negative correlation as I predicted.* MPG again had a very strong negative correlation showing it did affect price a lot, which I predicted wrongly.* Mileage had quite a strong negative correlation but not very strong as I said. It shows mileage affects price but only to a degree by the shape of the graph it appears a curved line of best fit would suite it better but I shall leave that to that.* Insurance group did have a positive correlation and quite a strong one at that, showing as the insurance group went up so did used price.ObservationsAs you can see on all of the graphs there are pieces of data that are way of the lines of best fit and away from the rest of th e data. I purposely kept this data in as it gives me a valid reason to do another sampling method. This data can be called anomalies as they differ from the rest of the data. I could cut this data out to make the sample fairer but then it wouldnt be a true random sample.With these observations made I can say a few things of what affects used car prices but now I shall move on and use a stratified sample and see if the data is more reliable.StratifiedA stratified sample is one where all the data has been put into an order and then a then picked out. For my stratified sample I have ordered them by mileage and then grouped the mileage and picked 40% from each group. This ensures I get 40 cars again so I can evenly compare the random and stratified samples.The mileage groups were. 0-50005000-10,00010,000-20,00020,000-40,00040,000-70,00070,000-110,000With these sorted I took 40% at random from each group and ended up with this. I ensured it was random by drawing numbers out of a hat resp ective to the numbers of the car, I then noted that number and placed in back in so each time the chance of drawing a single card was equal and didnt change. If I drew the same one twice I simply ignored that, placed it back in and redrew. (See Spreadsheet 3)If actually counted there are 41 cars. As 40 and 41 are very close, rather than tamper with any results which could make them biased I simply left them.From this data I then compiled scatter graphs on them just as before.Predictions* Age, I believe that there will be a strong negative correlation as there was before but as this is supposedly a more reliable sample it should be more evident.* MPG, I believe there will be a strong negative correlation as there was before but should be more evident due to sample being more reliable.* Mileage should have a strong negative correlation due to reasons above.* Insurance group should have a strong positive correlation due to reasons mentioned above.See graphs 5,6,7 and 8.Conclusions on S tratified Sampling.As you can see some very strange results came up.* Age showed the very strong negative correlation as I said there would be.* MPG showed a strong negative correlation as well as I said.* Mileage proved very weird. The data was in two groups basically one showing high mileage and low price while the other low mileage and low price. From this I can deduce that the mileage is a limiting factor of used price.* Insurance group showed no correlation with data all over the place, show perhaps my random sample was a mishap and in fact insurance has no relationship or very little with used price.ObservationsCorrelations were generally a lot tighter showing that stratified sampling alleviates anomalous data but can provide strange results, such as mileage for example. This result however may not be wrong but in fact right and the random results were wrong. To find out this I shall become more specific and look at another way of representing data.HistogramsAfter some thought a great way of comparing two sets of data and in a visual manner would be a histogram.To make a histogram I would have to group the mileages this however was easy as I shall take the groups I did for my stratifying of the data.The mileage groups were. 0-50005000-10,00010,000-20,00020,000-40,00040,000-70,00070,000-110,000I then made a tally chart with the groups and both random and stratified data.RandomMileage GroupTallyFrequency0-500015000-10,000110,000-20,000520,000-40,0001440,000-70,0001970,000-110,0002StratifiedMileage GroupTallyFrequency0-500015000-10,000210,000-20,000420,000-40,0001140,000-70,0001870,000-110,0005Then to construct a histogram I would have to work out the frequency density to go on the horizontal axis, this is worked out by.Frequency Density = FrequencyGroup WidthSo I ended up with this.Mileage GroupFrequencyFrequency Density.0-500011/5000=0.00025000-10,00011/5000=0.000210,000-20,00055/10,000=0.000520,000-40,0001414/20,000=0.000740,000-70,0001919/30,000-0.00063 70,000-110,00022/40,000=0.00005RandomMileage GroupFrequencyFrequency Density.0-500011/5000=0.00025000-10,00011/5000=0.000210,000-20,00055/10,000=0.000520,000-40,0001414/20,000=0.000740,000-70,0001919/30,000-0.0006370,000-110,00022/40,000=0.00005StratifiedMileage GroupFrequencyFrequency Density.0-500011/5000=0.00025000-10,00011/5000=0.000210,000-20,00055/10,000=0.000520,000-40,0001414/20,000=0.000740,000-70,0001919/30,000-0.0006370,000-110,00022/40,000=0.00005Mileage GroupFrequencyFrequency Density0-500011/5000=0.00025000-10,00022/5000=0.000410,000-20,00044/10,000=0.000420,000-40,0001111/20,000=0.0005540,000-70,0001818/30,000=0.000670,000-110,00055/40,000=0.000125Predictions* I predict that the random histogram will have a much more erratic distribution of car mileage while the stratified distribution will be more of bell shape displaying the majority in the mid range with low or no extreme values displayed.I then proceeded to draw the graphs.See Graphs 9, 10 and 11Results* As seen o n the two histograms there are some slight differences. The spread of the random sample is a little more erratic and uneven than that of the more bell shaped graph the stratified data shows. From this you could deduce that the stratified sample is a more reliable source of data than a random sample.* From individual graphs you can see that the majority of the cars are around the 20,000 to 60,000 miles range in both the random and stratified samples. Standard deviation could perhaps tell me which sample is more accurate so that could be an extension to the work done.* I mentioned a bell shape graph before. By this I mean one, which slowly goes up to a peak then reduces down, with the majority of the data displayed in the middle and only some or no data displayed in the highest and lowest areas.However from the histograms I did not find any reasoning behind the weird shaped and correlated stratified scatter graph. Further investigation into this could prove interesting.Overall Conclus ionFrom all the work carried out above you can clearly see that many different things affect used car prices and some more than others. You could say that the different categories are limiting factors and a culmination of these results in the depreciation of a cars price.As a further investigation I would look into the strange scatter graph produced by my stratified mileage sample. Perhaps using standard deviation or other data representation methods I could find out why it is so peculiar. I could also look at how one category affects another such as engine size and mileage or engine size and MPG and find a relationship between those. There are many more aspects that I could of considered but however from the work Ive done there are things that are certainly clear.

History of Baseball - Alexander Cartwright

History of Baseball - Alexander Cartwright Americans began playing baseball on informal teams, using local rules, in the early 1800s. By the 1860s, the sport, unrivaled in popularity, was being described as Americas national pastime. Alexander Cartwright Alexander Cartwright (1820-1892) of New York invented the modern baseball field in 1845. Alexander Cartwright and the members of his New York Knickerbocker Base Ball Club devised the first rules and regulations that were accepted for the modern game of baseball. Rounders Baseball was based on the English game of rounders. Rounders become popular in the United States in the early 19th century, where the game was called town ball, base, or baseball. Alexander Cartwright formalized the modern rules of baseball. Yes, others were making their own versions of the game at the time, however, the Knickerbockers style of the game was the one that became the most popular. History of Baseball - Knickerbockers The first recorded baseball game was held in 1846 when Alexander Cartwrights Knickerbockers lost to the New York Baseball Club. The game was held at the Elysian Fields, in Hoboken, New Jersey. In 1858, the National Association of Base Ball Players, the first organized baseball league was formed. History of Baseball Trivia 1845: Alexander Cartwright published a set of baseball rules for the Knickerbocker Club of New York, and his rules were widely adopted.1869: The Cincinnati Red Stockings became the first openly-salaried team and are thus considered the first professional team.1871: The first professional baseball league, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, was established.1876: The first major league, the National League, was formed.1878: Frederick Winthrop Thayer of Massachusetts (captain of the Harvard University Baseball Club) received a patent for a baseball catchers mask on February 12.

5 New Years Resolutions Mark Zuckerberg Made That Can Inspire You

5 New Years Resolutions Mark Zuckerberg Made That Can Inspire You By any stretch, Mark Zuckerberg is one successful guy. He has more money than most of us can even conceive of, he spends a lot of that money and time on philanthropic efforts, and- oh yeah- he runs the biggest social networking company in the world. Yet even from his vantage point at the top of the world, there’s room for self-improvement. Zuckerberg has made some strong New Year’s resolutions in the past. And although they may be a little extreme for someone with more modest means and less time available, we can learn a lot from his approach.Here are some of his past years’ resolutions (or â€Å"challenges†), and what we can take from them.1. â€Å"Learning to speak Mandarin.†Becoming fluent in a challenging language may not be super-accessible to someone juggling a job, a family, and daily obligations without a full-time language tutor. But you can certainly find time to learn a new skill this year.2. â€Å"Writing a thank you note each day to so meone who made the world better.†If you have time to write a flowery thank you note to Gandhi or Elvis every day this year, great. If you don’t, just saying â€Å"thank you† to someone each day is great, too. You could make a coworker’s day by thanking him for something that might ordinarily go unnoticed. Being thankful for the smaller things (even when bigger things are going wrong) might also help you feel less stressed at work.3. â€Å"Being a vegetarian (or only eating meat if I killed the animal myself).†Again, this one could be a very large commitment, depending on how much you love bacon. But really, it could be any healthy habit that makes you more mindful. Maybe it’s 10  minutes of yoga at lunch. Maybe it’s going to a spin class after work to decompress. This one could also be about self-accountability and embracing the choices you make in the workplace, instead of looking for the nearest coworker to throw under the bus.4. à ¢â‚¬Å"Wearing a tie every day.†When I saw this one, I thought of the old adage, â€Å"dress for the job you want.† Even as society and workplaces have gotten more casual, there’s some merit in this one. Taking an extra step to look good for work can make you feel sharper and more ready for the day.5. â€Å"Meeting one new person who doesn’t work at Facebook every day.†This challenge is about building your network, social and professional. Getting out there and making connections is one of the best things you can do to make your year brighter. Best case, you’ve created relationships that could take your career to the next level. Worst case, you’ve widened your world a little bit.So what do you think? Are you up for these challenges, or ones like them?This article is part of Bulk Up Your Career in 2017  campaign. Access the entire guide here to help you succeed in 2017.

Written Practice in English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Written Practice in English - Essay Example I have improved upon the following skills, but I still need some on working them: introductions/ conclusions, argument/persuasion, evidence/support, sentence/paragraph structure and staying on topic. I will need more, significant work on tone, revision, meeting/staying within page length, pre-writing and transitions. When I started the course, I was not even aware of the dynamics of writing. However, I was introduced to the various elements involved in good writing, and the first component that struck me and I wanted to specialize in was the ability to summarize. I practiced a lot on this because I thought it contained many subsidiary skills of writing related to identifying and choosing the significant ideas, editing, organizing and so on. I could say that I have mastered this skill after some dedicated hours of work. I have also mastered the skill of responding to a reading. For this, I spent quality time to read things carefully and to identify the main and supporting arguments. I am convinced now that my responses could be effective only if I understand properly whatever I read. I have improved drastically with my word choices. Earlier, I used to believe that words did not matter much as long as the content was significant. Now I am aware that the content can be made significant only if the r ight words are used. With the proper choice of words, I reached high levels of clarity as well. Before I start writing anything, I try to identify my thoughts clearly and ask myself whether this could be presented with clarity. With the help of my professor, I could identify various formats of writing and can claim that I am adept at it now. Though it all seemed restricting in the beginning, I was able to grasp the logic that worked with every format, and this helped me a lot to master them.

Mangerial Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mangerial Economics - Assignment Example Since sports is an inelastic product, the increase of price for the sports package from $10 to $25 did not have an effect on the quantity demanded. As noted by Gelles and Mitchell (260), although it increases the MC, the fixed costs remain the same. When we have zero fixed costs, the marginal cost is constant. When StarHub raised the price of the sports package from $7 to $15, the MC remained the same since all cable TV providers pay the content providers a royalty based on the number of subscribers of the content. The increase in content resulted in more subscribers subscribing to the service thus an increase to 504, 000 as at December 2007. Considering that sports is an inelastic product, an increase in price is unlikely to cause a substantial change in the quantity of demand. Therefore, the change that was relevant to StarHub’s pricing of cable television services was the increase of sports package from $10 to $15 since the marginal cost was low. The thematic basic packages need to be reduced from $32.95 to $ 22.95 monthly. The price of the sports package need not to be doubled but increased from $7 to $12 so to reduce the marginal costs. Furthermore, the basic packages need to be increased annually by $3. Lastly, being an inelastic product, the sports package need to be increased from $10 to $30 to cater for the initial costs and operational costs. According to Gilles and Mitchell (261), a firm does charge a price that is beyond the marginal

East Asian literature Essay Example for Free

East Asian literature Essay Based on Yasutaka Tsutsui’s â€Å"The Standing Woman†, the power of the collective over that of the individual is positive. This can be surmised based on three points of argumentation which are the main character’s thoughts at the beginning of the story, the old man’s revelation in his conversation with the main character, and the main character’s discussion with his wife. At the beginning of the story, we find the main character who is a writer thinking about the story that he finished. He mentions that the story is â€Å"capable of neither harm nor good†. Since he had spoken this to himself then it must be true. Later on it would be revealed in the story that his wife who he loves so much has been turned to a manpillar by the government. Yet instead of being angry and seeking vengeance, the man even at the start of the story already seems defeated by the very society that persecuted his wife. At the middle of the story, the writer converses with an old man who reveals that he had also been a writer but is now too afraid of persecution to write anything at all. The conversation shows that society has also broken the old man without even needing to arrest him and turn him into a mantree. The old man’s fear of getting exposed to the public and being ridiculed had already overpowered him and these fears came from society because it is the collective society that has the greatest power to ridicule. The last proof comes from the writer’s discussion with his wife. His wife who had once been so proud and strong has been reduced to a yielding subject to society’s whims to a point of not even protesting injustices done to her by drunks. In conclusion, the power of a collective society truly does overwhelm the resolve of any particular member.

Essay --

This essay will be comparing and contrasting two magazines aimed at the female readership, and they are called Bitch Magazine and Cosmopolitan, with regards to their front pages, content and articles, their ideals of beauty, and feminism. With this essay, we will learn the extreme differences between two magazines Bitch is a Portland based independent, quarterly magazine, with a touting a tagline of a â€Å"feminist response to pop culture.† Founded in 1996, Bitch is published by Bitch Media, a non-profit multimedia organization. This magazine offers a feminist perspective and analysis of social and cultural trends, current political events, as well as forms of media such as television, movies, music, books, artwork, and advertising. Bitch magazine has around 50,000 readers. Cosmopolitan is an international magazine for women, and is the best-selling women’s magazine for decades. The notoriously risquà © magazine says it is â€Å"by women for women.† Also referred as Cosmo, the magazine was published in 1886 in the United States as a family magazine, and eventually became what we know of as a women’s magazine during the late 1960’s. This magazine is published by a for-profit organization called Hearst Magazine and has 64 international editions. It is currently being printed in 35 languages and is being distributed in more than 100 countries. Its boasts more than 3 million in paid circulation each and every month, and 115,000 paid subscribers. To begin with, I will be comparing the magazines front page’s headlines. Cosmopolitan is ridiculously formulaic and right from the get go you can tell from a comparison of previous front page headlines. Each issue meticulously follows the same predetermined formula. Their headlines are trashy and des... ...ncourages and instills the idea that women are amazingly great without changing themselves or suppressing their unique identities. This essay has compared and contrasted two magazines aimed at the female readership, and they are called Bitch Magazine and Cosmopolitan, with regards to their front pages, content and articles, their ideals of beauty, and feminism. Cosmopolitan is a magazine that gives harmful ideas to women about their sexuality, their health and happiness, and how it is supposedly dependent upon whether or not they fit into the unrealistic beauty standards that this magazine possesses. In divergence, Bitch Magazine teaches women to love themselves and to support each other no matter what. Bitch encourages women to understand that they are absolutely perfect just the way they are and that there is no need to change or suppress their given identities.

3d Animation, Its Effect on Mass Communication Essay

Introduction 3d animation is a form of Computer graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. 3d is a type of graphics in which its images look like they are real world images i. e. omputer games and animated movies are the common examples of 3d, 3d graphics are modeled or originated by a process known as 3d modeling, this process is done by a software having 3d modeling tools by engineers or artists, either they import real world images and then transform them into 3d animation or they originate their own ideas and compose them through the help of the tools, 3d animation[1] is the process of taking a 3D object and getting it to move in this process u create 3d objects and combine them to make an animation this includes importing motion capture data and applying it to a character or making the objects to follow the artist’s/engineer’s own curves. Texturing is a phase in which the ready 3d animation is textured or colored to make it look like more effective in its role because colors and textures play an important role in making the animation look more realistic and effective to the viewer. Rendering is the last phase in which the animation is finally exported to a format or copy that can be viewed easily by the viewers, it is an important part of 3d animation process, as more efficient and good rendering will result in good looking and effective 3d animation. A good 3d animation is based upon Visual Communication, Good Design, and Aesthetics, if these 3 features are kept in mind while creating 3d’s they can have good results as expected. 3d animation has totally changed today’s market, people are giving more attention to 3d because of its realistic look, 3d movies are commonly being viewed in cinema houses, 3d games are much popular in today’s era. Uses in Mass Communication 3d animation is widely being used in today’s era like computer games that are made in 3d are more popular than the older ones, Movies in 3d are greatly being viewed in cinema houses and especially 3d animated cartoon movies are grabbing the attention of people greatly, field of mass communication is having a very good effect of 3d animation i. e. Advertisement is a major part of mass communication in which products are advertised in different ways so the buyer and seller meet their needs, Now a day’s all advertisements are majorly being produced in 3d because of the cost effectiveness and unique look of 3d animation, viewers are more attracted towards 3d advertisements as compared to the adds that are shot and produced in 2d, Digital 3d Advertising a new media to focus the viewers sight on when composing a shot, they count on a powerful instrument the closeness of the objects. Before, the creators needed to direct the viewer’s sight using the 2d composition. Now, we can use deepness to accentuate the element we want to emphasize. Higher tendency of the viewer to receive the messages this media requires the usage of glasses. When a viewer puts such elements on, there is a higher tendency of the viewer to receive the messages. The viewer is receptive to see the spot, just because of the immersion format of its exhibition. Greater detail in the volume and shape of the objects How many times we have heard it is not the same to see, for example, a car on television and personally, this revolution has made 3d much popular among people, new television’s supporting 3d view are being launched in market in a great number by leading companies like Sony, JVC and Samsung etc. Mass media organizations are using 3d widely in their programs and advertisements, there are properly established studio’s in which 3d modeling/designing is being done for these purposes, Artificial Rides are also common i. e. n which viewers experience real life scenes of a roller coaster ride in an artificial 3d environment that looks so realistic,3d Movies are much popular in today’s era and are widely being watched all over the world that has increase the number of 3d cinema houses. 3d technology is widely being used in Movies and short films to achieve the results which were not possible in old times, before this technology film makers used to have stunt Mans and proper training and a high budget to perform action and horror scene’s for the movies that consumed more time, more money and sometimes dangerous stunt’s took life’s of many stunt men, but now it is easy to have these scenes designed and animated in 3d environment which gives more enjoyable look to the viewer’s because now acial structure’s and real life scene’s can easily be regenerated in 3d environment more efficiently because of new 3d technology human, animal or any facial expressions can easily be recreated and animated according to the needs After generation of 3d face model next important stage is the proper recreation of human expressions. One of the ways of achieving realism is modeling of facial expressions and animation on synthesized human face. However, this task was complicated to achieve in a way that everyone has his own style of expressing so one model can’t fulfill the requirements but the new way proposed by Narendra Patel & Mukesh Zaveri in reference paper [1],study of this research show a new method of re creating the facial expressions of 3d models that is more effective and realistic in 3d world especially for its use in animation like movies etc Other than these usages 3d is now being used in medical fields also i. e. He therapy of mentally injured people[2],in this process patient is subjected to a 3d environment where a virtual therapist is used to treat the patient this reduces cost of the therapy system’s and rehabilitates the condition of the patients faster, Patients see a clone of them and a therapist in this environment, what he sees is known as virtual reality, in which he sees his wrist moving faster than the actual movement done by him by doing so, he will activate the coupling between the perceptive and motor circuits hence improving the recovery, Virtual reality helps in improving the condition of patient in such a way that it makes him realize that he is progressing slightly more than the normal condition so this results in faster rehabilitation, this is helping the medical specialists as they have a laboratory controlled 3d environment so they can change it according to the recovery needs of the patient. Virtual reality technology has been used for several decades for a varie ty of psychosocial applications. 0 The most widely used feature is to create realistic simulations for the patients according to the therapist’s need for example(HDM)[2] Head mounted display in which patient see’s what the therapist wants to make him see, other visions are blocked in this case. This helps in curing diseases like cognitive disorders, attention disorders etc. Another form of disease caused by a cerebral vascular accident CVA is also being cured by the use of 3d animation technology, in this disease brain functionality is lost temporarily or permanently depending upon which areas of the brain have been affected some of them get paralyzed. This kind of stroke can affect their ability of reading writing even swallowing, These type of problems are common in western countries, by the use of 3d technology it has been discovered that patients are recovering more fastly as compared to older treatments 5-10% of them recovered a fully functional upper limb however 80% of them recover their complete ability to walk

Writing the Memo

WRITING AN OFFICE MEMORANDUM If you work as a paralegal or law clerk after your first or second year of law school, you will most likely spend some of your time researching and writing objective memoranda, or interoffice memos. Typically, an attorney asks you to provide a realistic analysis of the law as it applies to the facts of a client’s case. The purpose is to inform – not persuade. Although you should remember which conclusion favors your client, also keep in mind that you will represent the client most effectively by being objective and realistic.The memo might be read many times – possibly, over a period of months or years by several different attorneys, including the writer, who may use it as a resource long after it is drafted. The attorney will use the information contained in the memo to advise the client and may use it to prepare a document that will ultimately be filed in court. For example, a partner may be asking you whether a particular client ha s a valid legal claim. If you conclude that the answer is â€Å"yes,† then this will probably turn into a lawsuit. At that point, some parts of the memo may be incorporated when the complaint is drafted.The memo might me consulted a third time when the attorney responds to a motion to dismiss; a fourth time while drafting interrogatories; a fifth time before making a motion for summary judgment; a sixth time before trial; and a seventh during an appeal; and so on. PARTS OF MEMO[1] 1. A memorandum heading 2. The Issue (sometimes called Question Presented) states the question(s) that the memorandum resolves. The Issue also itemizes the few facts that you predict to be crucial to the answer. (Such as travel expenses to out-of-state, keeping child out of danger, and commission of crime).The reader should understand the question without having to refer to the facts. 3. Brief Answer (sometimes called Conclusion) states the writer’s prediction and summarizes concisely why it is likely to happen. Some writers begin with a direct response such as â€Å"yes† or â€Å"probably not. † Our book says that they do not prefer this. Sometimes this is client or partner driven. Also, some questions lend themselves to answers such as â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no. † Allusion to determinative facts and rules. Do not omit key facts. Begin by just re-stating your issue as a declarative sentence. Do not omit the reasoning.Do not include citation to authority or application of relevant law. Many attorneys only read this part. 4. Facts set out the facts on which the prediction is based. 5. Discussion is the largest and most complex part of memo. It proves the conclusion set out in brief answer. If the discussion is highly detailed or analyzes several issues, it should be broken down into subheadings. Here is what the memo will look like and more information on each section. MEMORANDUM TO:Senior Partner [Please block-indent so that the information line s up, as demonstrated] FROM:Your Name DATE:(date assignment is submitted)RE:(A concise label for the issue considered: mention the parties; your firm will file your Memo by names and cause of action–and, perhaps, by jurisdiction) The proper format is always double-spaced. Do not double-double space between sections. Plain old, regular double-space is sufficient. FACTS Here, recite all material facts, usually in chronological order. A â€Å"material† fact is a â€Å"dispositive† fact, or one upon which the outcome will depend. It is a fact that will affect the outcome in one way or another. Please include all material procedural facts as well as all material substantive facts.This means that it is essential to include all relevant times, dates, and places. You should begin with an â€Å"overview† sentence that sets the full context and begins to describe the problem presented. Please review your reading and as many samples as possible to understand both th e range and scope of what is acceptable as professional practice. Remember your role Watch for the tendency to try to â€Å"prove† something by the way you tell the story. NO LEGAL ANALYSIS! 1) USE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE AND OBJECTIVE CHARACTERIZATIONS. Rather than writing â€Å"the D was speeding through the school zone,† write â€Å"the D was traveling 50 MPH through the school zone. Rather than writing â€Å"The D brutally beat the victim,† write â€Å"The D struck the P on the head, resulting in a cut over his left eye. † 2) Include unfavorable and favorable facts. QUESTION PRESENTED Phrased as a question and ending with a question mark, state the specific issue or issues you will address. One method is to use the technique: under? (describe the law); does? (state the issue); what? (give the legally relevant or â€Å"dispositive† facts). Some memoranda use the commonly seen style of: â€Å"Whether . . . .† As always, discuss with your profess or to see which he or she prefers.But whatever the method, the following advice applies: †¢ Should be concise single sentences that include relevant facts and general propositions of law. †¢ Don’t say, â€Å"Whether a niece can recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress,† when you can say, â€Å"Whether, under Iowa law, a niece who witnesses the aftermath of an automobile accident involving her uncle from a block away can recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress when she observes his severe injuries upon arrival at the scene. † BRIEF ANSWER You phrased (or asked) a question in the section above. Answer it here: â€Å"Yes. † â€Å"No. â€Å"Probably not. † Use a period. Your Brief Answer follows the same formula and sequence as your Question Presented. It answers the questions â€Å"under? does? what? † except, the Brief Answer should include a brief statement of your reasons beginning with the word  "because. † DISCUSSION The heart of a Memorandum, this section asks you to explain the law and explain the facts. Getting it â€Å"right† will take time. Be patient. Your goal is to â€Å"synthesize† the cases and extract a common rule of law. To do this, you will need to identify the common elements that allow you to analyze and discuss several cases at once.A common mistake, legal writers frequently engage in â€Å"listing behavior. † They treat each case independently and sequentially, beginning each paragraph with â€Å"In†Ã¢â‚¬â€œfor example, â€Å"In Callow v. Thomas† or â€Å"In Brown v. Brown. † Looking down a written page, the lawyer will see a ladder-like effect, the â€Å"in-ladder,† where each succeeding paragraph begins with the word â€Å"in† followed by a case title. Often â€Å"listing behavior† culminates in â€Å"dump-trucking† when the lawyer saves up and â€Å"dumps† all the legal analysis into the last paragraph.In addition, lawyers will frequently â€Å"front-load,† squeezing all the legal rules of law into the very first paragraph. To avoid these pitfalls, begin your discussion with a general overview in a thesis or â€Å"roadmap† paragraph. Your thesis paragraph is the first paragraph in the Memorandum – and the first paragraph in a Discussion section. Always begin your thesis paragraph with a sentence to anticipate–and announce–your ultimate conclusion. Tell the reader where you are headed and be a tour-guide to your argument or analysis. Then, taking one point at a time, write a thesis sentence that answers the questions of â€Å"what-is-your-point? of this particular paragraph. Next, set forth the legal Rule that applies. Include the proper citation. Next, Analyze (explain) what the law or legal rule means. Next, Analyze (explain) how the relevant facts fit (or do not fit) the legal or factual standard. Finally, Conc lude each paragraph with a summarizing statement and each sub-issue with a specific sub-issue summary. Sometimes, this method is referred to as a variation of the acronym: IRAC. Other legal writing professors have some other acronym such as REAAC or FIRAC. Still, others simply refer to it as the 5-step process. Keep in ind that these are all â€Å"formulas† that legal writing professionals are using to introduce you to presenting a legal argument. Ultimately, you will use a style or formula that works best for your particular argument. But virtually every aspect of every legal argument must contain a 1) Statement of Rule or Applicable Law; 2) Analysis of the law and how it Applies to your relevant facts; and 3) a Conclusion on each of these sub-issues. Similarly, when a discussion requires several paragraphs, the writer may not reproduce the exact IRAC structure within each and every paragraph, but may require several paragraphs to develop fully the full set.As always, know y our audience and talk about the method of legal analysis that your professor, or in the future, your employer, prefers. And remember that learning how to synthesize statutes, cases, and secondary sources and then presenting them in a clear, concise, and logical manner takes time and practice. A FEW IDEAS ABOUT WRITING — MEMORANDA[2] Many students, approaching memo writing for the first time, are often unsure of how to proceed. We have put together a few tips for first (and second and third) time memo writers that we hope will be helpful.Note: No single set of guidelines could possibly address all the matters related to memo writing. If you have questions about a particular assignment, be sure to check with your professor. 1. Find the test(s). In assigning a memorandum, professors are generally evaluating you on parsing a particular statute or test. In other words, they want you to use other cases to explain how your case either does or does not satisfy a test laid out in a ca se or a statute. For example, let’s say your case involves a niece (Mary) who witnessed her uncle (Jack) being injured in an automobile accident.Mary wants to bring suit for negligent infliction of emotional distress as a result of witnessing that accident. In Burger v. McDonald, the Supreme Court of Iowa laid out a three part test to determine whether a bystander’s injury was reasonably foreseeable and, thus, legally actionable: 1. Whether the bystander was located near the accident. 2. Whether the injury resulted from sensory and contemporaneous observance of the accident, as opposed to hearing about it from others after its occurrence. 3. Whether the bystander and the victim were closely related.NOTE: If the memo involves more than one issue, your memorandum may involve more than one test. 2. Use the test as your outline. Tests come in two parts, or three (as above), often with subsections. Ideal for an outline. Use the major parts of the test as your major points, the subparts as sub-sections. Paragraph Structure 3. Begin paragraphs with affirmative propositions that parallel the test. In the above example, your first sentence should say something like: â€Å"Mary was located near the scene of her uncle’s accident, satisfying the first part of the Burger test. † 4.Support your affirmative propositions. All propositions of a legal nature must have legal support. Where is your authority for your proposition? Cite it. For example: â€Å"See Burger, 606 N. W. 2d at 321 (bystander must be located near accident to recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress). † 5. Discuss the facts of your support. What happened in the case you just cited? Explain in a concise and relevant way. For example: â€Å"In Burger, the court held that a mother who witnessed an accident on the street from the front door of her house was located near the scene of an accident. 6. Discuss the relevant facts of your case. Point to the facts that are similar to the facts of the authority you’ve just discussed. For example, you could continue from above as follows: â€Å"Mary was standing a block from the accident, heard the crash, and saw her uncle being pulled, bleeding, from the car. † 7. Analogize/Conclude. What conclusions do you think the court will draw from the similarity between your facts and the facts of your authority? For example: â€Å"Although Mary did not see the accident, she was close enough to hear it and witness her uncle being pulled from the car.Thus, a court will likely conclude that she was located near the accident. † Alternative Paragraph Structure 8. Discuss other relevant authority. Once you’ve opened the previous paragraph with your affirmative proposition, your subsequent paragraphs can discuss the facts of other relevant cases without repeating the proposition as your opening sentence. For example, you could begin the next paragraph: â€Å"In Cameron v. Jones, the C ourt of Appeals held that a mother who was twenty-five feet away from her child when she heard a metal sculpture fall on him was located near the scene of the accident. 9.Discuss contrary authority. Are there cases that go against your position (or the position the partner/judge/etc. would like you to hold)? Another subsequent paragraph could open with: â€Å"But, in Alfred v. Stern, the court held that a father did not have a valid cause of action for negligent infliction of emotional distress. † Then follow steps 5, 6, and 7, above, except this time, when concluding, tell the reader why the court won’t follow or give much weight to this contrary authority (e. g. , the facts are different). 10. Move on to the next part of the test. Follow steps 3-9 above for the next section of your test.Remember, a memorandum also includes issues presented, a brief answer (which usually follows the issues presented), and a statement of facts. These are often best written after youâ⠂¬â„¢ve written the body of the memorandum, since you’ll have a better idea of the issues once you’ve tackled the problem (though a tentative draft might help to get you started). Here is a checklist for those introductory sections of an office memorandum: Heading 1. Have you included the name of the requesting attorney (or professor), your name, the date, the client’s name, and a phrase identifying the particular legal matter or issue?Facts 2. Have you included all legally significant facts? 3. Have you included sufficient factual context? 4. Have you included any major emotional facts? 5. Have you avoided including discussion of legal authority? 6. Have you avoided â€Å"arguing† the facts or drawing legal conclusions? 7. Have you identified the client and the client’s situation at the beginning of the Fact Statement? 8. Have you selected an appropriate organization (chronological, topical) for the facts? 9. Have you maintained neutral language a nd objective characterizations? 10.Have you included both favorable and unfavorable facts? Question Presented 11. Have you stated the legal question and the significant facts? 12. Have you edited to achieve one readable sentence? 13. Have you maintained an objective perspective? Brief Answer 14. Have you stated the answer in the first several words? 15. Have you included a statement of the rule? 16. Have you stated a summary of the reasoning leading to the answer? 17. Have you kept the BA to a maximum of one-third to one-half a double-spaced page? 18. Have you taken a position, even if you are not sure? ———————– 1] Be sure to keep in mind that an office memo is an internal document for law firms; therefore, each particular firm is likely to have a preferred format. For example, the firm may use different words for different sections title, may order sections differently than described here, or it may include other sections not described in this manual. If your reader (whether it be your professor or your employer) has a preferred format, obviously use it. If you are not sure if your reader has a particular preference, then ask! [2] Many of these tips were originally created by Writing Resource Center, University of Iowa College of Law.

Pitch Perfect

Pitch Perfect This week my literary agent said she’ll submit my young adult novel to publishers. Her advice to me during this waiting period is â€Å"You must be patient. Are you patient?† Yes! For me to have gotten to this point, I had to be incredibly patient - over 10 years’ worth of persistence. And I’m beyond excited. Because from where I sat a decade ago, this moment would have seemed impossible. But after an adventurous trek through the wilds of editing, the challenges of slush pile and Twitter querying, and the thrills of face-to-face pitching to agents, I know I’ve not only prepared my best work but also have the best representation for my novel. Just as Hope preaches, practice at this writing thing does make perfect. Agents aren’t kidding when they say they want a manuscript that’s ready. They’re not interested in â€Å"potential.† I learned this when I queried my manuscript too early over a year ago. My story garnered some partial reads from a few agents, but eventually, over 50 rejections. (Keep in mind I had to query far more agents - over 100 - to get 50 â€Å"nos.†) During the revision process these last two years, my novel has changed titles three times and has improved thanks to feedback from two freelance editors and over 20 beta readers. A former acquisitions editor I found via Editing-Writing.com suggested key changes that ultimately got me the attention from my current agent. So February a year ago, with a new title, a much tighter plot, and a whole new query letter, I was ready to pitch again and even travel to Chicago to meet agents. These writing workshops hosted The logline was also the perfect tool for #PitMad, a day of Twitter pitching that happens four times a year, where authors share manuscripts with agents using 140 characters. From the three tweets you’re allowed, I received three requests from agents. Here’s one that worked: â€Å"When a friend is sexually assaulted, a teen journalist learns it’s better to go NYT, not TMZ, when reporting the crime. #PitMad #YA.† But it was the slush pile query that ultimately brought me the pot of gold. While Twitter and face-to-face pitching, I never stopped sending out a revised email query: at least two a week. This one featured the logline, now the hook in my first paragraph. Agent Amy Tipton of Signature Literary asked for my full manuscript in June and made me an offer of representation. We worked that  summer on two rounds of revisions (one major and one minor), and now the book is ready for publishers’ eyes. I got my agent

How to Write a Book Step by Step Essentials for a Good Book [Video]

How to Write a Book Step by Step Essentials for a Good Book [Video] How to Write a Book Step by Step: Essentials for a Good Book [Video] Writing a book is hard without the right help. Without someone whos done it before, you can end up making crucial mistakes.Anyone who says learning how to write a book is easy has neveractually tried. If they did, theyd know writing a book takesa lotmore than a helpful piece of grammar software.It takes help from someone whos done it before.If you’ve ever tried to write a book, you know how it goesYou stare at a blank page for 5 minutes, but it feels like hours. To combat the boredom, you stand, stretch, and brew yet another pot of coffee.Anda week later someone asks how your book is coming, and you think, â€Å"Book? What book? I havent even come up with a book idea yet!†But now youre ready to start writing a book- and were going to help make sure you do.Heres how to write a book step by step:Prevent procrastination when writing a bookAdopt the Mentality of a WriterPreparing to Write a BookSchedule writing timeGet book writing toolsWriting Your BookAvoid Book Writing M istakesLaunching After Writing Your BookReady to get started as a serious writer right now? Check out your free training below before reading the rest of this post! How to Write a Book Despite ProcrastinationThere are plenty of reasons why writing a book, whether youre writing a fiction novel or nonfiction, puts most writers directly into procrastination mode.These are some common reasons you procrastinate when writing a book:Youre not sure how to get startedIts terrifying to spill your guts to the world in a bookYoure insecure about your writing and have writers block before youve even startedYoure afraid of getting negative book reviews when you do eventually publishYoure worried that even if you do write your book, nobody will buy it and youll end up with low book sales for lifeYoure not sure how to take your idea and turn it into an actual bookTake a deep breath (but no more coffee, you’ve had enough). Remember that all authors have been exactly where you are right now. E very successful writer- from William Shakespeare to Walt Whitman to Stephen King- began by staring at a blank page.You’re in illustrious company!Ready to learn how to write your first book and go from blank page to published author in just 90 days? Then let’s get started!Do you have what it takes to become a published author?How to Write a Book Step 1:Think Like a WriterBefore you sit down and type a single word, it will pay off if you take some time to address a few attitude questions and adopt the right mindset.This is one of the most frequently overlooked steps in becoming a published author, which is a big reason why so many people fail to finish their book.Take it from me- it’s worth your time to complete these steps. They will make the rest of your book-writing experience much, much easier and more satisfying.#1 Find Your â€Å"Why† for Writing a BookBefore you open your laptop and start daydreaming about which photographer should take your best-se lling author headshot, or about getting interviewed on Oprah, you need to answer one question:Whats your reason for writing a book? It’s not enough to have an inspiring book idea. Before you put pen to paper, you need to know your purpose.I won’t lie. Writing a book is rewarding, but it requires hard work. It requires emotional labor, long nights (or early mornings), extended weekends, and facing a constant self-critical process that is unlike anything you’ve experienced before.Solidifying the purpose fueling your book will carry you through this difficult process.Ok, you’re thinking- â€Å"Don’t worry, I know why I want to write a book. I want to write to feel important!† That’s an interesting thought, and feeling important may be a byproduct of becoming a self-published author.However, feeling important isn’t the same as your purpose- your WHY. Feelings are fleeting, whereas a purpose is a deeper, intrinsic motivator which wi ll keep you burning the midnight oil to power through Chapter 23 when the rush of feelings have long dissipated.These are some popular reasons for authors to write a book:Authority: To build credibility.Money: For financial gain, business success, or to make a living writing.Grow a network: To meet and connect with others in the industry.Passion project: To share an empowering story for the greater good.To have an escape: A mental escape can help you deal with real-world problems.To give others an escape: If you write fiction, you might want to give others struggling a safe place to go.To change lives: Books change lives and your message could empower others to make a change in their life.There are no wrong or right purposes for writing a book.Your WHY will be unique to you.Once you’ve honed in on your WHY, let that purpose help focus your writing. By keeping your purpose at theforefront of your creative process, you’ll make the writing process quicker and smoother tha n you thought possible.#2 Get Rid of Your Excuses for Not Writing the BookYou’ve figured out your WHY and articulated your unique purpose for writing a book. And right on cue, something is going to try to derail your progress already: your writing excuses.When there’s nothing standing in your way, it’s sadly typical to start letting excuses for not writing your book become the obstacle to your success.But you can overcome it.It’s worthwhile to spend a little time addressing some common excuses many of us make to prevent us from writing.Once you’ve cleared out the cobwebs and smashed those mental roadblocks, you’ll be better prepared for the writing process ahead. Getting your mind ready is one of the first steps to producing valuable work, whether than a publishing an ebook, the next great American novel, or a passion project.Excuse #1 You don’t know what to write.You may not realize it, but you have a story worth telling.In fact, y ou may be pleasantly surprised to find as you write that you have more than one story and you’re having a tough time narrowing down the content.The easiest way to start writing your first book is to choose a topic you’re comfortable with. You can literally write a book about anything, so go with what you know.Heres how you can figure out what to write about:Look at a list of writing prompts or story ideas and choose an ideaWrite a list of all the things youre most passionate aboutWrite down a list of everything youre very knowledgeable aboutWrite a list of areas you want to be seen as credible inCompile all of these lists and rank your ideas in order of what youre most passionate aboutImagine which idea youd be most proud to have your name onChoose the idea you know the most about and are the most passionate aboutOnce you have an idea narrowed down, you can go ahead and start your mindmap and outline.Excuse #2 You don’t have enough time.Today, we’re all busy. I get it.Plus, how long does writing a book take in the first place?But I have some good news: Writing a book takes less time than you think. Find an hour a day you devote to something mindless- social media, video games, internet, or TV- and start writing instead.And if you don’t have an hour, try 30 minutes. Even 5 minutes 3 times a day can be a source of massive writing productivity. Think about it.The average person can type 60 words a minute. 60 words x 5 minutes = 300 words. Do that 3 times a day and you’ll produce close to 1,000 words a day.You’ll amaze yourself at how an hour per day adds up to something productive! Excuse #3 Good writers spend all their free time reading.Think you need to read all day long to be a writer? Think again.In fact, many prolific writers cut down on their reading- at least temporarily- in order to give themselves enough time to write.Besides, you don’t need to be a literary connoisseur to write a great book. Your writing style and voice is your own.And the best way to discover your own natural writing voice is by sitting down and writing (not reading what others have written).Here are some tips to use reading to help you write a book while reading less:Only read a chapter or two at nightRead in a genre different than your own (this helps avoid being influenced too heavily by another book)Be intentional about what you readHave designated reading time that doesnt interfere with writing timeStop reading for a while if you have very little spare timeExcuse #4 You’re â€Å"not an expert.†A lot of people get tripped up on this. They think, â€Å"Oh, I’m not really an expert on ___. I can’t write about that.†The truth is that the whole concept of â€Å"expert† is very subjective. An amateur astronomer wouldn’t seem like an expert to Stephen Hawkingbut to 99% of the rest of the world, they would be an expert.You don’t need to know everything about your topic. As long as there’s a knowledge gap between you and the reader- and as long as you’re helping to fill that gap by teaching them the things they don’t know- then you’re expert enough to write a book.So stop worrying about â€Å"not being an expert!† If you’re passionate and knowledgeable about a topic, then you are 100% qualified to write a book about it.Excuse #5 Your first draft must be flawless.A draft is a work-in-progress, and the goal is simply to get it on paper. A draft will have mistakes and that’s okay- that’s what the self-editing process is for.Even experienced professional writers who finished a book that ended up covered in the red pen of an editor or numerous red changes in a document, just like the one pictured below.As Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg said, â€Å"Done is better than perfect.†If it works for a multi-billion-dollar company, it should work for your first self-published book.Don ’t get me wrong, as I’ve already said, writing is hard work. But shedding these excuses should help get you into a positive frame of mind for the writing process.#3 Realize You Don’t Need to Be PerfectThe thought of writing a book causes many people to think, â€Å"I’m not a good enough writer. I need to do _____ before I start writing.†Well, I’m here to tell you that:You don’t need a creative writing class.You don’t need a writing mentor or coach (though it does help).You don’t need to read thousands of good books.You only need one thing: a system for finishing your book.There’s no such thing as a perfect book or a perfect writer. When you get down to it, the most important distinction is between authors who finish their books and authors who don’t.Don’t worry about being perfect. Just focus on your book, and your writing will get better and better over time.As with anything we learn, writing is a skill. It requires practice to hone over time. So let go of the idea that you’re not good enough and work to improve by reading expert writing tips and practicing daily.This will help you make the mindset switch from â€Å"I can’t† to â€Å"Let’s get this done!†How to Write a Book Step 2: Pepare to Write a BookNow it’s time to start your prep work. Before you start putting any words onto the page, you need to focus on a few important preparations.Take the time to complete these steps and you’ll be setting yourself- and your new book- up for success.#1 Schedule Your Book Writing TimeHere are 3 things you can do to create your own customized book writing plan.Without a plan, it’s too easy to let your book writing goals get pushed to the background, eventually fading into the soft mist of â€Å"someday.† Step 1 Develop a writing habit and plan it outDon’t let your book end up in the graveyard of dreams. In order to realize your end goal, you need actionable steps to follow.Assess what’s going on in your life in the next 30 days, then block out when you can write, and when you can’t. It’s common for new writers to set unrealistic time goals, which in turn generates stress when it’s impossible to meet those arbitrary deadlines.Avoid this and stay realistic, since developing a writing habit is most important at this stage in learning how to write a book.Thirty minutes (or even 5 minutes) spent writing is better than nothing, so resolve to make it happen and find the time.Look at Laura Bennett, a Self-Publishing School student. She was working full-time, running a business, and working on her Master’s degree- busier than most people- yet she found the time to write her book Live Your Dream: How to Cut the Crap and Prioritize Your Purpose in 2 months!If Laura could make it happen, then writing your book is certainly an attainable dream.Step 2 Choose the time of day you plan to writeYou might decide to get up early and write before the obligations of your day crowd out your writing time. But if you’d win the gold medal in the Olympic sport of snooze-button slapping, then choose a different time or make sure you get to bed earlier so you’re fresh in the morning.If your evenings are free, but your brain is mush and you’re only good for sinking deep into the couch cushions, then choose a different time or rearrange your schedule so you aren’t so burnt out in the evenings.Alternatively, you can grab some time on your lunch break, or sneak small blocks of time into your workday, such as when you’re transitioning between activities, or waiting for a meeting to start.Whatever time of day is convenient for you, stick with it so that it becomes a predictable part of your day. This will establish a writing habit.Step 3 Set a deadline for writing your bookSetting an end date forces you to stay on schedule and keeps the forward momentum going. So consider giving yourself a deadline for your book.You may be wondering: How do you choose a deadline when you have no idea how long the book-writing process will take?One month is a good benchmark to start with. Self-Publishing School recommends writing until you hit a daily word count of 500-1,000 words, but this ultimately depends on how many words are in your book. If you can commit to an hour a day, you should be able to reach that goal. After 30 days of daily writing sessions, you will have completed a 30,000-word draft.Consistency is key. Small, consistent actions toward writing your book is how it comes to life.If that schedule doesn’t work, then commit to a time period and a daily word count that does. It’s okay if that’s 15 minutes per day.The ultimate goal is your rear end in the writing seat for that allocated period of time each day.Share the end date of your first completed draft with others so you have extrinsic motiv ation to keep moving toward that finish line.It’s a good idea to choose an editor for your book (before you finish your first draft) and schedule when you’ll have the completed first draft of the manuscript in that person’s hands.That way, if you’re tempted to flake out and put off a writing session, that looming deadline can help keep you going.#2 Create Your Writing SpaceThe physical space where you write your book is important. If you try to write in an environment that’s too loud, too busy, or too cluttered, and you’ll find yourself getting frequently distracted.True, some authors can write in a disheveled environmentbut I suspect that most of these authors would become even more focused and productive if they cleaned up their writing space to make it easier to focus on their writing.However, that’s just my opinion. The truth is that the â€Å"best† writing environment is going to be personal to you. We all work well in di fferent settings, so with that in mind, consider these general guidelines to boost your productivity:How to Start Writing TipExecutionMinimize Distractions- isolate yourself from family/friends/even the family dog - remind everyone it's YOUR time - Turn your phone off - Close ALL web browsers - Close your emailGet Comfortable- invest in a GOOD chair - or resort to using a stand-up desk for more energy - fill the area with motivational quotes - make sure you're physically comfortable for the next 30 minutes or an hourChoose Beneficial Background Noise- turn off all sounds if it distracts you - turn on lyric-less music to help you concentrate - choose energizing music to help you focus(To get the sound of a cafe from the comfort of home, check out Coffitivity.)You might need to experiment to find the writing environment that allows you to focus and write freely.Bottom line: Find the writing environment that makes you comfortable and go with it. Once you find the best creative process for you, you’ll even look forward to writing!#3 Equip Yourself with the Right Writing ToolsWould you try to construct a piece of furniture without a hammer, nails, or wood?Of course not! You need the right tools for the job.Well, the same principle applies whenwriting a book. And when it comes to writing, your most important tool is your choice of writing software. Unfortunately, most people don’t really put much thought into which program they use to write their book. They just use whatever word processor they’re most familiar with.But doing this can cause you to really miss out- especially if there’s another program out there that would work much better for you.There are countless options out there, but most people end up using one of the â€Å"big 3† word processors:Microsoft WordScrivenerGoogle DocsWell cover all of them for you below.Microsoft WordIf you just want a time-tested program that works, Word might be the program for you. It’ s the most widely used word processor in the world, which means it’s highly reliable and consistent. It also provides a lot of formatting options and even has a navigation pane you can use to easily find the chapter you’re looking for.One of the biggest downsides to Word is that it’s fairly expensive as far as word processors go.ScrivenerIf you like advanced features, definitely check out Scrivener. It was created specifically for authors, and it contains all sorts of tools that are really helpful for both fiction and nonfiction authors.For example, you can use the corkboard view to organize how youll write your book using virtual notecards:The biggest downside to Scrivener? Because of all the advanced features, it has a steeper learning curve than other word processors.If you do decide to go with Scrivener, heres a Scrivener tutorial for you to learn how to use it best: Google DocsYou can think of Google Docs as sort of a â€Å"Word Lite† program that yo u can access online, for free. While it doesn’t boast as many features as Word or Scrivener, it’s the hands-down most convenient program out there for sharing and collaboration.Because everything is stored online, you can access your work from anywhere. And it’s easy to share your work with others and collaborate by leaving comments in the margins:The big downside to Google Docs? It lacks the more sophisticated features of Word and Scrivener.Of course, these are only 3 options- there are many more great writing tools out there.How to Write a Book Step 3: Actually Write Your BookOK, we’ve got the preliminary stuff out of the way- time to sit down and actually write this thing!This is an exciting part of the processunfortunately, it’s also the part where many people get overwhelmed and give up.But there’s good news: actually writing a book can be a lot easier than you think- if you have the right system. A system that guides you from your idea through your outline and all the way up to your final, polished, publication-ready draft.Here are the most important things you need to do when writing your book.#1 Come Up With Your Book IdeaBefore you can start typing, you need to have a topic. That might seem obvious, but it can still be a stumbling block if you don’t know what to write about.Fortunately, there are countless book ideas that could turn into bestselling books.I recommend brainstorming a long list of book ideas. This way you’ll have a lot of options- giving you the freedom to choose the best possible book topic.You can even utilize lists of writing prompts to get your mind moving in the right direction. View this post on InstagramA post shared by Self-Publishing School (@self_pub_school) on Feb 25, 2019 at 4:29am PSTHere are a few questions to ask yourself tocomeupwithabookidea:What are you passionate about?What’s your favorite hobby?What do you get paid for? What’s your expertise?What are people coming to you for advice on?What’s a topic you know a lot about or can’t stop talking about?These are all great ways to come up with bestselling book ideas. In a nutshell, you’re trying to find topics that you’re knowledgeable or passionate about. Because these are the topics that you’re going to do a great job writing about!Notice that I highlighted the question, â€Å"What do you get paid for? What’s your expertise?†That’s because this is a particularly useful question for coming up with book ideas. A lot of people seem to forget that there is usually at least one topic on which they are a bona fide expert- and that’s their job!It might not seem that exciting or special to you, because you’re so used to it, but to someone else who’s trying to learn what you already knowyour job-related knowledge can seem very valuable indeed.#2 Don’t Censor YourselfWhen you’re brainstorming idea s, don’t censor yourself. Just let the ideas flow. Realize that there is no such thing as a crazy idea. Anything can make a great book topic.So don’t ever let yourself feel silly or start to judge yourself- doing so is a surefire way to stop your creativity in its tracks.On the other hand, don’t feel bad if your topic sounds too commonplace either. Even if you’re writing about an age-old topic- like a weight loss book or a romance novel- that’s OK!The truth is that there are no â€Å"new† ideas. Everything has been written about before.But it hasn’t been written from your unique perspective. And that’s what really matters.Realize that a writer’s job isn’t to come up with never-before-seen ideas. Doing that is pretty much impossible in this day and age.Instead, a writer’s job is to explore topics from their own point of view. To lend their unique spin on them.#3 Take a Reader-Centric PerspectiveWhile thinki ng of your book topic, here’s a piece of advice that I strongly recommend you follow:Think from your reader’s perspective (not your own).Many people are too self-centered when they write. When I say â€Å"self-centered,† I mean that they’re thinking only of themselves: their interests, their hobbies, their passions.Yes, it’s true that those are great topics to explore when coming up with your book topic. But during this process, you’ll need to switch from a self-centered perspective to a reader-centered perspective.Ask yourself questions like:What would my reader be most interested in?What would my reader most like to learn?What are my reader’s biggest problems?Whats the biggest question my readers are asking?When you start to think this way, it becomes much easier to write your book in a way that provides immense value for the people who matter most- your readers.#4 Figure Out Which Book You Should Write FirstBy now you should have a long list of book topics. And you might be wondering, which topic should I write about first?Here are a few tips to help you choose the best starting project:Which one can you finish the fastest? Usually, this is the topic where you have the most experience. This is a good thing to keep in mind because the faster you can finish your book, the faster you can get it out in the world where it can earn you money and help people. (And the faster you can get started on your second book!)Which one are you most likely to finish? Usually, these are the topics you are more passionate about. For your first book, I highly recommend choosing a topic that you’re really passionate about to help make sure that you’ll remain interested throughout the entire process.Which one is going to make you happy? This is a little harder to define, but it might be something that strikes a chord with you. Maybe there’s a certain book topic that stands out for one reason or another. If that ’s the case, then go for it! Remember, writing should make youNow with these tips in mind, choose the topic for your very first book before proceeding to the next step.#5 Come Up With a TitleThe most important words of your book are the ones that appear on the outside cover:Your book title.You don’t have to decide on your final title at this point, but your title is so important that it’s worth thinking about up-front. But knowing how to write a book title can be tricky. Here are a few tips on creating standout, marketable titles.For a nonfiction book, your title should†¦Include the solution to the reader’s problemUse a subtitle for clarityBe unforgettableAnd for a fiction book, your title shouldBe appropriate to your genrePique the reader’s interestTake its inspiration from your charactersIt always helps to do a little research on Amazon. To do that, just head here and select your book genre on the left-hand side of the page:Then you can tak e a look at some of the best-selling titles in your genre. You can even sub-niche down several times: â€Å"History Ancient Civilizations Mesopotamia.† Now pay attention to the titles and look for common themes or trends to use for your own book.Remember that you’re just starting, so you can always change the title later. But for the time being it can help to have a â€Å"working title† (a temporary title that you may change before publication).#6 Fill Out The BookMapThe BookMap is a free downloadable book outlining template you can use to quickly gather all the important information you’ll need for your book - fiction or nonfiction.Essentially, the way it works is you’ll create a mind map- sort of a brain dump with a line connecting related ideas together- on your book’s topic.Start your BookMap by writing your intended topic in the center. From there, answer the questions and add as many related ideas as you can think of. (Again, conne ct related ideas with a line.) The BookMap gives you the benefits of writing in free-form and creating structure from all the connections you make.Click here to learn more about the BookMap and download a free PDF template.#7 Turn Your BookMap Into an OutlineOnce you’ve completely filled out your BookMap, the next step is to group all the related ideas into categories. There’s no hard and fast rule for how to do this; just combine your ideas in the way that makes the most sense to you.One way to do this is to rewrite each idea on a fresh piece of paper, this time grouped together in related topics. Or, you could simply use different-colored highlighters to categorize your ideas with different colors.Either way, the result is the same: when you’re done grouping your ideas, those categories will form the outline for your book- each category is a new chapter. So now you know exactly which topics to write about, and you know which points to cover in every chapter o f your book. #8 Capture More Notes with The Sticky Note MethodYou can use this method instead of the BookMap, or as a supplement to it.For about a week, carry around sticky notes and write down anything and everything that crosses your mind regarding your possible book topics.When the week is up, organize all your sticky notes into sections and themes. Then, organize these themes into the patterns that would make sense in the context of chapters of your book. You can then elaborate in areas where you notice missing pieces to the puzzle, and use all of the material you’ve gathered and organized to create an outline.This method may be helpful if you’re struggling with the notion of committing to writing a whole book since it lets you break down the process into manageable pieces. The ultimate outcome of using this method is deeper thinking, clarity, and concise organization of thoughts and patterns.#9 Now Write Your BookOne Chapter at a TimeYou now have a chapter-by-ch apter outline for your book. The only thing left to dois to actually sit down and write it!There’s not necessarily a right or wrong way to write your book. But there are some ways that are easier, faster, and more successful than others.And in my experience, there’s one writing method that works better than any other. Here’s how it works:Complete a mini-BookMap for that chapter, brainstorming everything you know about this topic. (10 minutes.)Organize your ideas and turn that BookMap into an outline. (10 minutes.)Write or speak the chapter by following the outline you just created. (45-60 minutes.)Repeat this process, chapter by chapter, until your book is completed.Steps 1 2 should be familiar by now- they’re the same steps you followed to create your overall book outline. You just repeat those steps on a smaller scale for each chapter.Then in step 3, you have a choice: you can type out your chapter on a computer, or you can use a recording device tran scription service to dictate your chapter.If you like the idea of dictating your book, rather than typing it out, here’s how to do it.#10 Speak Your BookThis method works well if you’re a strong speaker and you prefer speaking to writing. The ultimate outcome is that you can create your book draft as quickly as possible, with no actual â€Å"writing† on your part. Cool, huh?Once your chapter outline is complete, the next steps are:Speak your first draft aloud into a recording app or device such as Voice Memos or Audacity.Get that audio file transcribed using a transcription service like Rev.Read through the transcription and revise/polish it up.As I mentioned, one of the benefits of this method is its speed. Just how fast can you write a first draft using speech dictation?If youre writing a nonfiction book specifically, this method will work great for you.Well, if the average book is 15,000-25,000 words long, and if the average person speaks at about 150 words/ minute, then you can easily speak your entire book in approximately 2-3 hours.Of course, your spoken transcribed book will need some polishing and revision to get it publication-ready. But it’s still the fastest way of writing a book I’ve ever come across.#11 Speed Up Your WritingWriting faster means getting to publication- and to profits- that much sooner.Try these pro tips to maximize your daily word count:Flex your writing muscles each day. The more you work, the more efficient you’ll get. Create your writing routine and stick to it.If you get stuck on a particular section and stop making progress, find a different part of the book that appeals to you today and write that section instead.Planning and research can be necessary- or a method of procrastination. Limit your prep work to a reasonable timeframe so it won’t stop you from writing. Use a timer if it helps you stay on track.An accountability partner can keep you on track. Set up weekly meetings to review work and cheer each other on.Spots are limited!Click Here to Save Your SpotHow to Write a Book Step 4: Avoid Potholes Along the WayIf you’ve been following along with steps 1-3, then you’re in the process of writing your book. You’re working from a solid outline, which means you know exactly what to write in every single chapter.So nothing could possibly go wrongright?Unfortunately, no. Even when you have a solid plan, a proven system, and a detailed outline, you can still get tripped up by some of these sneaky book writing roadblocks.Luckily, I’ve got some tips to help you overcome the most common book writing problems.#1 Beat Writer’s BlockWriter’s block can rear its ugly head in many ways. For some, being blocked means no words at all, while for others, it means trying to nail down a functional draft in the midst of a tornado of swirling ideas.Most of the time, writer’s block is a symptom of a paralyzing fear of othersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ opinions. The harsh reality is, if you write, at some point you’ll be on a first-name basis with a bout of the block. The only way to deal with it is to beat it.Here are 8 methods I’ve found personally useful when fighting writer’s block:Circle back to your BookMap or outline and see if there’s useful info that sparks fresh inspiration. Sometimes it just takes looking back at the bigger picture to remind you where you’re going with your draft.Change up the physical way you’re writing; sometimes a simple shift can boost creativity. If you use a laptop, put pen to pad. Try some new music, a new location, or new beverage to sip at your desk.If you find you start writing slowly and warm up as time goes on, allow adequate time during your writing sessions to get the creative juices flowing.Review what you wrote yesterday to refresh your memory.Talk it out. Sometimes a quick conversation with yourself is enough to work through writerâ€⠄¢s block. Or call a friend and bounce some ideas off them if you’re truly stuck.Remember that what you’re writing doesn’t need to be perfect- you’re writing a first draft. If you have a case of perfectionist syndrome, tell yourself it’s okay to write something you’ll think is terrible. Making something good is what second drafts and the editing process is for. Always remember: Done is better than perfect.Go for a walk. You might be surprised at how a walk outside, or a brief bit of exercise, helps refresh and recharge your creative juices.Read another author who has a style you like. Read their book for 10 minutes and then start typing, holding their voice in your head.#2 Don’t Edit While You WriteTell me if this sounds familiar:You sit down to write and you bang out a page or two. Then you stop and reread what you just wrote. And instead of continuing, you go back and start editing those first few pages of writing.In your mind, you ’re just fixing up your work. You want everything to be just right before you continue on ahead.But in reality, you’ve just stopped all your forward progress. You spend the next hour trying to make those pages PERFECTand when perfect doesn’t happen, you get frustrated and stop writing.Usually, when this sort of thing happens, it becomes very difficult to do any more writing. Why? Because writing and editing use different parts of your brains- and when you allow yourself to slip into a more critical/judgmental frame of mind, it becomes almost impossible to start creating again.That’s why, even though editing is an important skill, you need to resist the urge to edit your work while you’re still writing.Dont start editing your book until AFTER you’ve already created the entire first draft.#3 Format Your Book ProperlyFew things are more irritating than having to go back through your entire book to fix the formatting.The take-home lesson? Think about how you want to format your book before you write it, and then be consistent. It’ll save you a lot of time in the long run.And take the time to figure out how to format your book for publication. For example, did you realize that fiction and nonfiction books typically use different indentation styles?Nonfiction books tend to use block paragraphs, like this:Whereas fiction books, like TheSaviorsChampion by Jenna Moreci below, use indentation instead:Here are a few more book formatting tips:Avoid using hard indents. (Don’t hit â€Å"tab† at the beginning of a new paragraph; instead, change the paragraph settings to automatically give each paragraph the indentation you want.)Only use one space after a period. (Using 2 spaces was necessary with typewriters, but not with computers.)If you want to create a page break, do not hit â€Å"Enter† repeatedly until you reach the next page. Instead, use the â€Å"Page break† function. This is the only way to ensure that your page break will work even after people resize your book on their Kindle.#4 Keep Going, Don’t Stop- You’re Almost There!Now you know not only how to get started writing your book, but how to complete your book project in a mere 90 days!Remember to keep your WHY at the forefront of your mind, and you’ll be able to crush any and all obstacles that get in your way. If any of the common challenges or obstacles we’ve mentioned rear their ugly head, you’ll know how to deal with them.With just a little bit of time and a lot of determination, you are on your way to officially calling yourself an author.How to Write a Book Step 5: Launch Your Book SuccessfullyBy this point,your book is completed- congratulations! You’ve done something that most people will never do.You’ve written a book.But you’re not done yet. Not quite. Because you still need to launch your book in a way that sets it up for success; in a way that maximizes your readers, your income, and your influence.Unfortunately, most people who succeed in writing a book never get this whole â€Å"launch† thing figured out. They throw their book up on Amazon without really having a plan, and as a result, they get very few sales, make almost no money, and are frustrated at the lack of response to their work.It’s true that self-publishing your book on Amazon is a great way to go. But you can’t simply publish your book and expect people to find it. Instead, you need to dedicate some time to mastering the publishing and marketing processes on Amazon to sell more books. This is the only way to make sure that your book makes its way into the hands of the people who will benefit from reading your words.If you follow this simple launch plan, you can rest assured that your book will come out with a bang and will generate steady sales right out of the gate and for years to come.#1 Get a Good CoverWe all know you shouldnâ€⠄¢t judge a book by its cover. But in reality, people do exactly that- all the time. And that’s why, if you want your book to sell, having a powerful book cover design is important.Really, really important.And a good book cover does 2 things:It grabs people’s attention.It instantly tells people what the book is about.Here are a few examples from some of my own books:Notice a couple things. First of all, it’s orange- which helps it to stand out and grab attention. Second, it’s super-clear what the book is about. The title is in the upper third of the book in large print, so you can read it even in a thumbnail.Both covers were designed using the same basic principles. They’re simple, bold covers that stand out. They also have subtitles that clarify exactly what the book is about.Now this style of cover works great for my niche, but it won’t necessarily work for every type of book. For example, it would make a terrible cover for a romance novel !Why? Well, in short, it doesn’t look like a romance novel. Remember that part of a cover’s job is to tell people what the book is about. And in many genres of fiction and nonfiction, readers have come to expect a certain type of book cover.In order to clearly communicate what your book is about to your ideal readers, you need it to fit in with their expectations- while also standing out enough to grab their attention. This is another reason why it pays to head over to the Amazon bestselling books list and study some of the most successful books in your genre.What do those covers look like? Do they share a similar layout? Color scheme? Font style?For example, if you were writing a romance novel, you would want to study these covers:Find out what the most successful books in your genre look like, then imitate that look- but change it up just enough so that it stands out and grabs your readers’ attention.#2 Build a Launch TeamOnce youve chosen whether to go with self-publishing versus traditional publishing, the real key to a successful book launch is building and leveraging a launch team.So what is a launch team? In a nutshell, your launch team is a small team of people who are supporting your book. They could be friends, family, associates, online affiliates- anyone.At first, your launch team might be limited to your immediate friends family. That’s OK! Launch your book with their help, and work on continually building your launch team every chance you get.When you build a launch team, you need to make 2 things clear for everyone:What are they agreeing to do for you?What are they getting in return?Step 1 is pretty simple: you want them to read your book, leave a review, and share it with their own friends and family.This is how you spread the word about a brand-new book when you don’t have an email list or a social media following.Step 2 can vary from person to person. What do your friends family get in return for helping you? In many cases, they get things like:A free copy of your bookTheir name mentioned in the â€Å"Acknowledgements† part of your bookThe chance to be part of something inspiringThe personal satisfaction of helping to create something meaningfulAs your launch team grows bigger, you might need to offer more than that. For example, maybe another person in your niche agrees to promote your new book to their email list- but in exchange, they want a percentage of your profit.(This is called affiliate marketing, and it’s a great way to grow your audience and your revenue while letting somebody else do the marketing for you.)But don’t worry about that for now. Just reach out to anyone you know who would be willing to support your first book launch and ask for their help.#3 Get Ongoing ReviewsIf there’s one thing we know about the Amazon algorithm, it’s this:It loves reviews.One of the biggest indicators of success with self-publishing is getting Amazon r eviews.If you want your book to show up in search results and as a â€Å"Recommended† book when people are looking at similar products, you need to continue generating ongoing reviews to keep the algorithm happy.When you do, your book will start to show up at the top of Amazon results:Reviews are a fantastic form of social proof. They’re a credibility sign that lots of people have read your book and loved it- and that makes other people more likely to want to read it, too.But you have to be careful about how you go about trying to get Amazon reviews. For example, you can get in big trouble if you try to pay for reviews, swap reviews with other authors, or offer free gifts in exchange for reviews.You can solicit reviews, but they cannot be â€Å"incentivized† reviews.So how can you generate more reviews without offering people something in return? Well, I’ve discovered a few tips that work incredibly well. Click here to learn my 8-step process for generati ng more Amazon reviews. #4 Get Help From a Mentor Who’s Done It BeforeI’d like to leave you with one final message:The best way to learn how to write a bestselling book is to get help from somebody who’s been there before.People often ask me how I was able to make so much money and sell so many copies of my very first book. And I always tell them the same thing:Because I sought out a mentor. Someone to teach me a proven book-writing process that had been tried and tested. A book-writing system that was almost guaranteed to work, as long as I followed it properly.Well, that’s the real secret to my success as an author. I sought out the help I needed to give my very first book a major head-start.My Final TipforLearningHowtoWriteaBookAnd now I’m sharing the opportunity to learn from someone whos mastered writing and self-publishing books with you. To learn from a mentor who can help you achieve your dream of writing and publishing your very first boo k.